Latest ethereum block

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Except in rare cases, at any given time, all participants on the network are in agreement on the exact number and history of blocks, and are working to batch the current live transaction requests into the next block. Once a block is put together by some validator on the network, it is propagated to the rest of the network; all nodes add this block to the end of their blockchain, and a new validator is selected to create the next block.

Proof-of-stake protocol Proof-of-stake means the following: Validating nodes have to stake 32 ETH into a deposit contract as collateral against bad behavior. This helps protect the network because provably dishonest activity leads to some or all of that stake being destroyed.

In every slot spaced twelve seconds apart a validator is randomly selected to be the block proposer. They bundle transactions together, execute them and determine a new 'state'. They wrap this information into a block and pass it around to other validators.

Other validators who hear about a new block re-execute the transactions to ensure they agree with the proposed change to the global state. Assuming the block is valid they add it to their own database. If a validator hears about two conflicting blocks for the same slot they use their fork-choice algorithm to pick the one supported by the most staked ETH.

More on proof-of-stake What's in a block? A timeline of all the major milestones, forks, and updates to the Ethereum blockchain. What are forks? Changes to the rules of the Ethereum protocol which often include planned technical upgrades. More Forks are when major technical upgrades or changes need to be made to the network — they typically stem from Ethereum Improvement Proposals EIPs and change the "rules" of the protocol.

When upgrades are needed in traditional, centrally-controlled software, the company will just publish a new version for the end-user. Blockchains work differently because there is no central ownership. Ethereum clients must update their software to implement the new fork rules.